Constantine 325AD Rare genuine Ancient Roman coin Camp-gate turrets star Cyzicus

Description

One original ancient Roman bronze coin of:
Constantine II, Caesar 317-337 AD, Augustus 337-340 AD.
Struck - Cyzicus
mint. AD 325-326.
AE follis 19-20mm. 2.76gm. (EF) Original glossy brown-green patina and earthen encrustation over ancient silvering. Exactly as pictured.
Obv./
CONSTANTINVS IVN NOB C, laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left
.
Rev.// PROVIDEN-TIAE CAESS, campgate with two turrets and star above. Mintmark SMKB dot.
Authenticity guaranteed.
Coin is in good condition and very rare and nice inclusion to the finest collection.
Please make your payments on time.
A
military camp
or
bivouac
is a semi-permanent facility for the lodging of an
army
. Camps are erected when a military force travels away from a major installation or fort during
training
or
operations
, and often have the form of large
campsites
. In the
Roman
era the military camp had highly stylized parameters and served an entire
legion
. Archaeological investigations have revealed many details of these
Roman camps
at sites such as
Vindolanda
(
England
) and
Raedykes
(
Scotland
).
You are bidding on the exact item pictured, provided with a Certificate of Authenticity and Lifetime Guarantee of Authenticity.
The
Latin
word
castra
, with its singular
castrum
, was used by the ancient Romans to mean buildings or plots of land reserved to or constructed for use as a military defensive position. The word appears in both
Oscan
and
Umbrian
(dialects of
Italic
) as well as in
Latin
. In classical Latin the word
castra
always means "great legionary encampment", both "marching", "temporary" ones and the "fortified permanent" ones, while the diminutive form
castellum
was used for the smaller forts, which were usually, but not always, occupied by the auxiliary units and used as logistic bases for the legions, as explained by
Vegetius
.
[3]
A generic term is
praesidium
("guard post or garrison"). The terms
stratopedon
("army camp") and
phrourion
("
fort
") were used by
Greek language
authors, in order to designate the Roman
castra
and the Roman
castellum
respectively. In
English
, the terms "Roman fortress", "Roman fort" and "Roman camp" are commonly used for the
castra
. However the scholars' convention always requires the use of the word "camp", "marching camp" and "fortress" as a translation of
castra
and the use of the word "fort" as a translation of
castellum
and this type of convention is usually followed and found in all the scholarly works.
Flavius Iulius Constantius
, known in English as
Constantius II
(7 August 317 – November 3 361) was a
Roman Emperor
(337-361) of the
Constantinian dynasty
.
Constantius joins the lengthy list of emperors whose career was marked by a seemingly endless series of wars both domestic and foreign. He served as Caesar from 324 until his father's death in 337 at which time he shared the title of Augustus with two other brothers, Constantine II and Constans. To make sure no more Johnny-come-latelies in his family would try their hand at being emperor too it is thought that he engineered a bloodbath that left nary a relative. Constantine II died in battle and Constans was murdered by the men of Magnentius, the first of several usurpers. This left Constantius finally as sole legitimate emperor and he moved quickly to suppress Magnentius, an endeavor he eventually accomplished. The strife didn't end there, however, as he still had to deal with other revolts and wars on every corner of the empire. Caught in these never-ending battles he died while on his way to battle Julian II.
Flavius Iulius Constantius
was born at
Sirmium
(now
Sremska Mitrovica
in
Serbia
) in province of
Pannonia
, the third son of
Constantine the Great
, and second by his second wife
Fausta
, the daughter of
Maximian
. Constantius was made
Caesar
by his father on 13 November 324.
When the elder
Constantine
died at
Constantinople
on 22 May 337, Constantius was nearest of his sons to that city, and despite being on campaign in the eastern provinces, immediately returned to the city to oversee his father's funeral.
The Massacre of 337
The role of Constantius in the massacre of his relatives (those descended from the second marriage of his paternal grandfather
Constantius Chlorus
and
Theodora
) is unclear.
Zosimus
, writing 498-518 claims that Constantius “
caused
” the soldiers to murder his relatives, as opposed to actually ordering the action.
Eutropius
, writing between 350 and 370, writes that Constantius merely sanctioned “
the act, rather than commanding it
”. However, it must be noted that both of these sources are hostile to Constantius -
Zosimus
being a pagan,
Eutropius
a friend of
Julian
, Constantius’ cousin and, ultimately, his enemy.
Whatever the case, Constantius himself, his older brother
Constantine II
, his younger brother
Constans
and three cousins,
Gallus
, his half-brother
Julian
and
Nepotianus
, son of
Eutropia
, were left as the only surviving males related to Constantine.
Division of the Empire
Meeting at Sirmium not long after the massacre, the three brothers proceeded to divide the Roman Empire among them, according to their father's will. Constantine II received
Britannia
,
Gaul
and
Hispania
; Constans (initially under the supervision of Constantine II)
Italia
,
Africa
, Illyricum,
Thrace
,
Macedon
and
Achaea
; and Constantius the East.
Reign in the East
There are few details of the early years of Constantius' sole reign in the East. He seems to have spent most of his time defending the eastern border against invasions by the aggressive
Sassanid Empire
under
Shapur II
. These conflicts seem to have been mainly limited to Sassanid sieges of the various fortresses (
Nisibis
,
Singara
, Constantia and
Amida
) of Roman
Mesopotamia
, which achieved little for either side. Although
Shapur II
seems to have been victorious in most of the confrontations - except the Battle of Narasara, where one of
Shapur II
's brothers, Narses, was killed - the overall result must be considered a victory for Constantius because
Shapur
failed to make any significant gains
.
In the meantime,
Constantine II
's desire to retain control of
Constans
' realm had lead Constantius' two surviving brothers into open conflict; resulting in the death of the elder in 340. As a result, Constans took control of his deceased elder brother’s realms and became sole ruler of the Western two-thirds of the Empire. This division lasted until 350, when Constans was killed in battle by forces loyal to the
usurper
Magnentius
.
War against Magnentius
This new state of affairs proved unacceptable to Constantius, who felt that, as the only surviving son of
Constantine the Great
, the position of
Emperor
was his alone. As such, he determined to march west to enforce his claims. However, feeling that the east still required some sort of imperial control, he elevated his cousin
Constantius Gallus
to Caesar of the East. As an extra measure to ensure the loyalty of his cousin, he married the elder of his two sisters,
Constantina
, to
Gallus
.
Before facing
Magnentius
, Constantius first came to terms with
Vetranio
, a loyal Constantian general, who had previously accepted the position of Augustus in order to retain the loyalty of his troops, and probably to stop Magnentius from gaining more support. This action may have been carried out at the urging of Constantius’ own sister,
Constantina
, who had since traveled east to marry
Gallus
. Constantius for his own part had previously sent
Vetranio
the imperial diadem and acknowledged the general‘s new position. However, when Constantius arrived,
Vetranio
willingly and gladly resigned his position and accepted Constantius’ offer of a comfortable retirement in
Bithynia
.
The following year, Constantius finally met
Magnentius
in the
Battle of Mursa Major
, one of the bloodiest battles in Roman history. The result was a defeat for the usurper, who withdrew back to his Gaulish domains. As a result, the cities of
Italy
switched their allegiance to Constantius and ejected all of
Magnentius
’ garrisons. Constantius spent the early months of 352 on a campaign against the
Sarmatians
, before moving on to invade
Italy
.
When Constantius and Magnentius finally met again, at the
Battle of Mons Seleucus
in southern Gaul, Constantius once again emerged the victor. Soon after,
Magnentius
, realising the futility of continuing his revolt, committed suicide 10 August 353.
Sole Ruler of the Roman Empire
Constantius spent much of the rest of 353 and early 354 on campaign against the
Alemanni
on the Danubian borders. The exact details of this campaign are uncertain, though it seems to have ended with victory for Constantius.
The Downfall of Gallus
In the meantime, Constantius had been receiving some disturbing reports regarding the actions of his cousin,
Gallus
. Possibly as a result of these reports, Constantius concluded a peace with the
Alemanni
, and withdrew to
Milan
.
Once there, he decided to first call
Ursicinus
, Gallus’
magister equitum
, to Milan for reasons that remain unclear. Constantius then requested the presence of
Gallus
and
Constantina
. Although at first
Gallus
and
Constantina
complied with this order, when
Constantina
died in
Bithynia
,
Gallus
begun to hesitate. However, after some convincing by one of Constantius’ agents, Gallus continued his journey west, passing through
Constantinople
and
Thrace
to Petobio in the province of
Noricum
.
It was there that
Gallus
was arrested by the soldiers of Constantius under the command of
Barbatio
. He was then moved to
Pola
, and interrogated. Once there,
Gallus
claimed that it was
Constantina
who was to blame for all the trouble that had been caused while he was in charge of the east. Apparently, at first, this so greatly angered Constantius that he immediately ordered the death of
Gallus
. However, soon after, he changed his mind, and recanted his execution order. Unfortunately for Gallus, this order was delayed by
Eusebius
, one of Constantius‘ eunuchs, and, as a result,
Gallus
was executed.
More Usurpers and Julian Caesar
On 11 August 355, the
magister militum
Claudius Silvanus
revolted in Gaul. Silvanus had surrendered to Constantius after the
battle of Mursa Major
. Constantius had made him magister militum in 353, with the purpose of blocking the German threats, a feat that Silvanus achieved by bribing the German tribes with the money he had collected. A plot organized by members of Constantius' court led the emperor to recall Silvanus. After Silvanus revolted, he received a letter by Constantius that recalled him to Milan, but which made no reference to the revolt.
Ursicinus
, who was meant to replace Silvanus, bribed some troops, and Silvanus was killed.
However, Constantius realised that too many threats still faced the Empire, and he could not possibly handle all of them by himself, so on 6 November 355, he elevated his last remaining relative, Julian, to the rank of
Caesar
. A few days later,
Julian
was married to
Helena
, the last surviving sister of Constantius. Not long after Constantius sent
Julian
off to Gaul.
Constantius in the West and Return to the East
Constantius spent the next few years overseeing affairs in the western part of the Empire primarily from his base at
Milan
. However, he also visited
Rome
- for the first and only time in his life - in 357, and, in that same year, he forced
Sarmatian
and
Quadi
invaders out of
Pannonia
and
Moesia Inferior
, then led a successful campaign across the Danube against the
Sarmatians
and the Germanic
Quadi
tribe.
Around 357/8, Constantius received ambassadors from
Shapur II
, who demanded that Constantius restore the lands surrendered by
Narseh
. Despite rejecting these terms, Constantius still tried to avert war with the
Sassanid Empire
by sending two embassies to
Shapur II
.
As a result of Constantius' rejection of his terms,
Shapur II
launched another invasion of Roman Mesopotamia. When news reached Constantius that
Shapur II
had not only invaded Roman territory, but taken
Amida
[46]
, destroyed
Singara
and taken
Bezabde
he decided to return to there to face this re-emergent threat in 360.
The usurpation of Julian and Problems in the East
In the meantime,
Julian
had won some victories against the
Alemanni
tribe, who had once again invaded
Roman Gaul
. As such, Constantius requested reinforcements from
Julian
for his own campaign against Shapur II. However, when he requested reinforcements from
Julian
’s Gaulish army, the Gaulish legions revolted and proclaimed
Julian
Augustus.
However, on account of the immediate Sassanid threat, Constantius was unable to directly respond to his cousin’s usurpation other than by sending missives by which he tried to convince Julian to resign the title of Augustus and be satisfied with that of Caesar.
By 361, Constantius saw no alternative but to face the usurper with violent force; and yet the threat of the
Sassanids
remained. Constantius had already spent part of early 361 unsuccessfully attempting to take the fortress of
Bezabde
. After a time, he had withdrawn to
Antioch
to regroup, and prepare for a confrontation with
Shapur II
. However, as it turned out, the campaigns of the previous year had inflicted such heavy losses on the
Sassanids
that they did not attempt another round of engagements in 361. This allowed Constantius to turn his full attention to facing the usurpation of
Julian
[55]
.
Death
As such, Constantius immediately gathered his forces and set off west. However, by the time he reached
Mopsuestia
in Cicilia, it was clear that he was fatally ill and would not survive to face
Julian
. Apparently, realising his death was near, Constantius had himself baptised by
Euzoius
, the
Semi-Arian
bishop of
Antioch
, and then declared that Julian was his rightful successor. Constantius II died of fever on 3 November 361.
Marriages and Children
Constantius II was married three times:
First to a
daughter
of his half-uncle
Julius Constantius
, whose name is unknown. She was a full-sister of Gallus and a half-sister of Julian. She died c. 352/3.
Second, to Eusebia, a woman of
Macedonian
origin from the city of
Thessaloniki
, whom he married before Constantius' defeat of Magnentius in 353. She died in 360.
Third and lastly, in 360, to
Faustina (empress)
, who gave birth to Constantius' only child, a posthumous daughter named
Flavia Maxima Constantia
, who later married Emperor
Gratian
.
Religious Issues
Constantius seems to have had a particular interest in the religious state of the
Roman Empire
. As a
Christian
Roman Emperor
, Constantius made a concerted effort to promote
Christianity
at the expense of
Roman polytheism
(‘paganism’). As such, over the course of his reign, he issued a number of different edicts designed specifically to carry out this agenda (see below). Constantius also took an active part in attempting to shape the
Christian
church.
Paganism under Constantius
In spite of the some of the edicts issued by Constantius, it should be recognised that he was not fanatically anti-pagan - he never made any attempt to disband the various Roman priestly colleges or the
Vestal Virgins
, he never acted against the various pagan schools, and, at times, he actually even made some effort to protect paganism. Also, most notably, he remained
pontifex maximus
until his death, and was actually deified by the Roman Senate after his death. The relative moderation of Constantius' actions toward paganism is reflected by the fact that it was not until over 20 years after Constantius' death, during the reign of
Gratian
, that any pagan senators protested their religion's treatment.
Christianity under Constantius
Although often considered an
Arian
, Constantius ultimately preferred a third, compromise version that lay somewhere in between
Arianism
and the
Nicaean Creed
, retrospectively called
Semi-Arianism
[61]
[62]
. As such, during his reign, Constantius made a concerted attempt to mold the Christian church to follow this compromise position, and to this end, he convened several Christian councils during his reign, the most notable of which were one at
Rimini
and its twin at
Seleuca
, which met in 359 and 360 respectively. "Unfortunately for his memory the theologians whose advice he took were ultimately discredited and the malcontents whom he pressed to conform emerged victorious," writes the historian
A.H.M. Jones
. "The great councils of 359-60 are therefore not reckoned
ecumenical
in the tradition of the church, and Constantius II is not remembered as a restorer of unity, but as a
heretic
who arbitrarily imposed his will on the church."
Judaism under Constantius
Judaism faced some severe restrictions under Constantius, who seems to have followed an anti-Jewish policy in line with that of his father. Early in his reign, Constantius issued a double edict in concert with his brothers limiting the ownership of slaves by Jewish people and banning marriages between Jews and Christian women. A later edict (issued by Constantius after becoming sole
Emperor
) decreed that a person who was proven to have converted from Christianity to Judaism would have their entire property confiscated by the state. However, it should be noted that Constantius' actions in this regard may not have been so much to do with Jewish religion as Jewish business; apparently, it was often the case that privately-owned Jewish businesses were in competition with state-owned businesses. As such, Constantius may have sought to provide as much of an advantage to the state-owned businesses as possible by limiting the skilled workers and the slaves available to the Jewish businesses.
Religious Edicts Issued by Constantius
Pagan-related edicts
issued by Constantius (by himself or with others) included:
The banning of sacrifices;
The closing of pagan temples;
Edicts against soothsayers and magicians.
Christian-related edicts
issued by Constantius (by himself or with others) included:
Exemption from compulsory public service for the clergy; * Exemption from compulsory public service for the sons of clergy;
Tax exemptions for clergy and their servants, also later for their family;
Clergy and the issue of private property;
Bishops exempted from being tried in secular courts;
Christian prostitutes only able to be bought by Christians.
Jew-related edicts
issued by Constantius (by himself or with others) included:
Weaving women who moved from working for the government to working for Jews, must be restored to the government; Jews may not marry Christian women; Jews may not attempt to convert Christian women;
Any non-Jewish slave bought by a Jew will be confiscated by the state; if a Jew attempts to circumcise a non-Jewish slave, the slave will be freed and the Jew shall face capital punishment; any Christian slaves owned by a Jew will be taken away and freed;
A person who is proven to have converted from Christianity to Judaism shall have their property confiscated by the state.
Reputation
Constantius II is a particularly difficult figure to judge properly, mainly as a result of the hostility of most every source that mentions him.
A.H.M Jones writes that Constantius "appears in the pages of
Ammianus
as a conscientious emperor but a vain and stupid man, an easy prey to flatterers. He was timid and suspicious, and interested persons could easily play on his fears for their own advantage."
However, Kent & M. and A. Hirmer suggest that Constantius "has suffered at the hands of unsympathetic authors, ecclesiastical and civil alike. To orthodox churchmen he was a bigoted supporter of the Arian heresy, to Julian the Apostate and the many who have subsequently taken his part he was a murderer, a tyrant and inept as a ruler". They go on to add, "Most contemporaries seem in fact to have held him in high esteem, and he certainly inspired loyalty in a way his brother could not".
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